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The implied author is a concept of literary criticism developed in the 20th century. Distinct from the author and the narrator, the term refers to the character a reader may attribute to an author based on the way a literary work is written, which may differ considerably from the author's true personality. Author Saul Bellow once observed that it was not surprising, with all the revision that goes into a work, that an author might appear better on the page than in real life. ==History== Following the hermeneutics tradition of Goethe, Thomas Carlyle and Benedetto Croce, Intentionalists P. D. Juhl and E. D. Hirsch Jr. insist that the correct interpretation of a text reflects the intention of the real author exactly. However, under the influence of structuralism, Roland Barthes declared "the death of the (real) author", saying the text speaks for itself in reading. Anti-intentionalists, such as Monroe Beardsley and Roger Fowler, also thought that interpretation should be brought out only from the text. They held that readers should not confuse the meaning of the text with the author's intention, pointing out that one can understand the meaning of a text without knowing anything whatsoever about the author. In his 1961 book ''The Rhetoric of Fiction'', Wayne C. Booth introduced the term ''implied author'' to distinguish the virtual author of the text from the real author. In addition, he proposed another concept, the ''career-author'': a composite of the implied authors of all of a given author's works.〔 Gérard Genette used the term ''focalization'' to distinguish the point of view of a work ("who sees?") from the focal position of a work ("who perceives?") In his 1972 book ''Narrative Discourse'', he took issue with Booth's classifications (among others), suggesting three terms to organize works by focal position:〔 ; ''zero focalization'' : The implied author is omniscient, seeing and knowing all; "vision from behind". ; ''internal focalization'' : The implied author is a character in the story, speaking in a monologue with his impressions; "narrative with point of view, relflector, selective omniscience, restriction of field" or "vision with". ; ''external focalization'' : The implied author talks objectively, speaking only of the external behavior of the characters in the story; "vision from without". Mieke Bal argued that Genette's focalizations did not describe the implied author, but only the narrator of the story. Seymour Chatman, in his book ''Coming to Terms'', posits that the act of reading is "ultimately an exchange between real human beings () entails two intermediate constructs: one in the text, which invents it upon each reading (the implied author), and one outside the text, which construes it upon each reading (the implied reader)." Because the reader cannot engage in dialogue with the implied author to clarify the meaning or emphasis of a text, Chatman says, the concept of the implied author prevents the reader from assuming that the text represents direct access to the real author or the fictional speaker.〔 Chatman also argues for the relevance of the implied author as a concept in film studies, a position that David Bordwell disputes. Hans-Georg Gadamer also considered the text as a conversation with the reader. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Implied author」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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